English and Multilingualism in Post-Colonial Space

a outcome of earlier Western colonist expansion and the colonial powers' imposition of frames which often esteemed nor cultural nor linguistic realities, post-colonial country states particularly in Africa - have extremely heterogeneous populations. Often, these nations have created a multilingual language plan, which promotes several languages as national or official languages or as media of instruction, to adjust linguistic diversity. Kenya, for instance, has chosen to use Kiswahili as the country's citizen Frank Muller Replica Watches language, and English serves as the lawful language of ministry, decree, and higher training.
Part of the population commands either Kiswahili and English, albeit often by differ levels of ability. For others, multilingual-ism in Kenya may comprise several local languages, case in point Maasai and Kikuyu. In all individuals' linguistic performance, language contact finds expression in the fashion of borrowing and migrate of not merely lexical items merely also in sound patterns and grammatical frameworks which are transported from 1 language into the other. This namely also the circumstance in Kenyan English (KenE), which namely characterized at a depressed vowel system,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a tendency of diphthongs apt be replaced by monophthongs, and a combination of the sounds /r/ and /!/ apt a sound intermediate between the two at the pronunciation level (cf. Trudgill & Hannah, 2002; Schmied, 2004a). As regards syntax, speakers of KenE tend apt amplify the use of the ongoing, to neglect articles, to use woman and man pronouns indiscriminately and to employ prepositions differently from speakers of other varieties of English. These characteristics reveal that KenE is 'adapted to regional alternatively local linguistic conditions' (Bokamba, 1982:92). The English language has been indigenized, or 'altered so suit its new black environment and it acquires cultural identity through Africanization (Kachru, 2001:523).
Besides the development of indigenized Englishes, language contact also results in code-switching, code-mixing, and in the development of mingled languages. Code-switching and code-mixing involve alternating between two or extra languages fjust aboutcial, situational, or stylistic intentions. By contrast, miscellaneous languages are contact Tag Heuer Carrera Replica Watches languages in which mixing is obligatory rather than optional (cf. Muysken, 2001:481) and in which 'the presence of elements from two languages marks the resulting language as reflecting a double identity. They are created by bilinguals and arise "within a unattached social or ethnic team because of a appetite, or perhaps even a absence,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], for an in-group language (Thomason, 2001:198). As Webb & Kembo-Sure (2000:41) point out, they develop 'mainly deserving to intense language contact, which results from urbanization and industrialization, as well as emigrant labor. In Kenya, two miscellaneous languages, Sheng and Engsh, have arisen over the last decades. The next section serves to locate the two within the linguistic ecology of Kenya.
The components of one FMS are machine tools, which are normally CNC machine tools that execute machining operations, nevertheless other types of automated workstations such as inspection stations are also feasible, a material-handling system, such as a carrier system, which is able of delivering go parts to anybody machine in the FMS, and control system that is responsible as communicating NC portion programs to each machine and because coordinating the activities of the machines and the material-handling system. In counting, a fourth makeup of an FMS is human fatigue.

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